Taxes		A state in which supreme power rests in the people and whose head of state is not a monarch
Republic		An assembly or council of citezens having the highest deliberative functions in a government esp. a legislative assembly of a state or union
Conservatism		Law determining the fundamental political principles of a government
ThirdEstate		A national representative body having supreme legislative powers within state
Unification		The right to vote
Legislature		A body of peoples who make, amend, or re-appeal laws for a political unit
Parliament		Philosophical movement in the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions that brought about many humanitarian reforms
Nationalism		A form of government
Locke		“Man is born free and everywhere is in chains”
RedShirts		Still considered one of the basic guarantees of individual right, protecting citizens from arbitrary arrest
Vienna		English philosopher who wrote ‘Two Treatises On Government’; believed in the right to life liberty and property, government responsible to protect these rights
Napoleon		In favor of individual freedom, political change and social reform
Militarism		Glorification of the military and a readiness for war
FoodShortages		Freedom from control and influence of others
BillofRights		Market in which all goods can be bought and sold without restraint
Constitution		Declared himself Emperor of France
Enlightenment		Volunteer army led by Garibaldi, helped free Sicily and Southern Italy from foreign control
Metternich		The overthrow of a government by those who are governed
Socialism		An involuntary fee levied and enforced by a level of government in order to finance government activities
Wedgewood		Pride and/or devotion to ones country
Diderot		politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations; Bismarck used these policies to force German unification
Voltaire		Bourgeoisie, peasants and city workers, driving force for the French revolution
Confederation		Informal gatherings where artists and philosophes presented their works and exchanged ideas; helped to spread the ideas of the enlightenment
Rousseau		A declaration of certain rights of subjects, enacted by the English parliament in 1689
Bastille		opposed liberalism and nationalism, defended the work of the congress of Vienna
Congress		The first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–1890; German unification would be achieved “Not with speeches and majority decisions…but with blood and iron”
Regime		A union of political organizations
FreeMarket		National leaders meet to restore the old order in 1814
HabeasCorpusAct		A formal meeting/assembly of representatives for the discussion, arrangement, or promotion of a matter of interest
Independence		Island kingdom off the coast of Italy leads the struggle for Italian unification
Revolution		His ideas supported the rule of absolute monarchs; government necessary to establish order
Liberalism		What Germany and Italy strived for
Salons		In favor of traditional ways, social and political order, and resistant to change
Hobbes		A huge prison in Paris
Senate		Head of the English republic, known as the Commonwealth; dictator who imposed strict puritan rule, banning newspapers and forms of entertainment
Bismarck		One of the main factors that conrtibuted to the French economic crisis and indirectly brought about the French revolution
Suffrage		Society as a whole owns all property and business rather than individual people
Sardinia		An artist/potter used his craft to spread ideas about social justice; against the slave trade
Cromwell		“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”; religious toleration, freedom of thought
Realpolitik		French philosphe who supervised the publication of a huge encyclopedia that summarized human knowledge at that time; spreading of enlightenment ideas