Elizabeth I		This person (1580 – 1631) was an English soldier, sailor, and author. He was one of the founders (in 1607) of Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent settlement in America, and he was Virginia's first president.
Plymouth		An important figure (fl. 1509
Massachusetts Bay Company		Was established a permanent English settlement in New England, near the present-day cities of Salem and Boston.
John Cabot		A Pre-Columbian people of Mesoamerica whose civilization was marked by mandatory education and a rich, complex mythology.
Martin Luther		This man (1554 – 1618) was an English adventurer and writer who became an explorer of the Americas.
Captain John Smith		The city in England that the Pilgrims of the Mayflower left for the New World. In 1620 the Pilgrims named the place where they landed, in present-day Massachusetts.
Calvinism		A Dutch colony founded in 1624 and centered on the mouth of the Hudson River at present-day New York City.
Sir Walter Raleigh		A system of Christian theology developed by John Calvin, a Protestant reformer of the 16th century.
Francisco Pizarro		Under her reign England became a world empire and the Church of England replaced the Roman Catholic Church as the country's primary religious institution.
Adena-Hopewell		He (1491 – 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland. Under him, the Church of England broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church, and he became the head of the Church of England.
The Reformation		In an attempt to solve the labor shortages created by the tobacco economy, everyone who came to Jamestown received 50 acres of land, with an additional 50 acres for sponsoring another new settler.
Aztecs		These servants were under contract to work for a specified amount of time in exchange for accommodation, food, and training. While some became servants to gain passage to a new country, others were forcibly brought, and still others were convicts who had been deported.
Hernán Cortés		This person (1485 – 1547) conquered Mexico for Spain and helped establish the Spanish Empire in the Americas.
indentured servitude		He (1450 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer (born Giovanni Caboto in Genoa) who was commissioned by English King Henry VII to seek a direct westward passage from England to Asia. On his first voyage he discovered Newfoundland. He and his ship never returned from his second voyage.
Virginia Company		This Empire was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. It was overthrown by the Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro, in 1572.
headright system		He (1491 – 1557) was a French explorer who discovered the Saint Lawrence River and claimed Canada for France.
Jacques Cartier		This person (1475 – 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Inca Empire, and founder of the city of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.
Incas		A movement started by German monk Martin Luther in the 16th Century to reform the Catholic Church. This spawned the formation of many Protestant sects of Christianity.
Henry VIII		The transfer of biological elements between the New World and the Old World, including animals, diseases, and plants. An example of a food plant brought to the New World from Europe was rice. The diseases brought to the New World by Europeans killed millions of Indians. Indian immune systems were not resistant to diseases such as influenza and smallpox.
New Netherland		He (1483 – 1546) was a German monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation. His famed 95 Theses condemned greed and corruption in the Catholic Church.
John Calvin		A Native American culture — known for its burial mounds — that existed in what are today the eastern and midwestern regions of the United States, from ca. 1000 BCE to ca. 100 BCE.
biological exchange		This Company was a joint-stock company chartered by King James I in 1606 with a mandate to settle and develop the land along the James River. Because of a high mortality rate among colonists and poor profits, the charter was revoked in 1624 and Virginia became a Crown Colony.
Charters		were documents which granted of land or record a privilege from the British royal government to its recipients. Many of the first British settlers in the New World came on charters.