| hypophosphatemia | | this drug is used to treat hyperkalemia; it promotes the shift of K into cells; given with glucose; use R type; onset in 30 min, duration up to 6 hrs |
| diarrhea | | this is used to treat hypermagnesemia; it forces diuresis when used w/loop diuretic |
| peripheral | | this is hgih levels of calcium which interferse w/nerve impulse, muscle contraction; may cause kidney stones; may precipitate out of body tissues; treat w/hydration/diuresis or bisphosphanate/calcitonin |
| albumin | | a single dose of KCl can contain no more than ______ mEq b/c KCl can cause GI ulceration; take with food |
| oral | | the __ __ __ sends a message to the bone, renal tubule, and the deodenal lumen if Ca is low |
| treatment | | _________ of hyperkalemia includes counteracting effects of K ions at the level of the cell membrane, promoting K ion movement into cells, and removing K ions from the body |
| phlebitis | | this is caused by exogenous ingestion or impaired renal excretion; signs are prolonged PR interval; treat w/ Ca gluconate, normal saline, loop diuretics, dialysis |
| KlorCon | | this is secreted by the thyroid gland; has a weak effect on Ca; interfers w/done resorption, favors bone uptake of Ca, and promotes Ca exretion by the kidney |
| insulin | | this is when serum potassium > 5.5; life-threatening, esp. when > 6; most important sx is EKG changes - peaked T wave, QRS widening, wide, flat P wave |
| KLOR | | low _______ levels can mean more free Ca; corrected Ca = (4 - obs. ________) x 0.8 obs Ca |
| calcium | | systemic ______________ of IV therapy are fluid overload, air embolism, and septicemia and other infection |
| greater | | Ca ___________ is maintained by PTH, vitamin, and calcitonin |
| normalsaline | | this is caused by inadequate vitamin D, hypoparathyroidism; treated w/vitamin D or Ca salts |
| calcium | | this drug is used to treat hyperkalemia; it's used in mild (K 5.5 - < 7mEq or asymptomatic) hyperkalemia; it removes K from the body by exchanging K for Na ; works in GI tract; removes 1 mEq K /1 g(oral); bowel movement required for efficacy |
| less | | this in an intracellular anion; normal range is 2.5-4.5 mg/dl; it's excreted via urine |
| twenty | | calcium _________ has 40% elemental Ca |
| acidosis | | this is used to treat hyperkalemia; it's reserved for patients w/uncontrolled hyperkalemia that has failer therapy b/c it's invasive and hard to start |
| hypercalcemia | | if serum K is _____ than 3 mEq/L, 100-200 mEq required per each change in serum K of 1 mEq/L |
| PTH | | _________ of hypomagnesemia is giving IV magnesium sulfate or oral replacement |
| albuterol | | drugs commonly associated with _________ K secretion are potassium sparing drugs: spirinolactone, PG synthesis inhibitors: ibuprofen, ACE inhibitors: captopril, enalapril, misc: bactrim, pentamidine |
| central | | kayexelate is more effective _______ than by enema |
| lower | | the max rate and dose/24 hrs for a __________ line is 10 meq/hr and 200 meq |
| decreased | | higher doses of K need a _______ line b/c KCl causes vein irritation |
| potassium | | hyperkalemia can be ______ by increased input, impaired excretion, or impaired uptake |
| caused | | a major complication of kayexelate is ____________ so suspend it in sorbital |
| treatment | | _______ deficiency predisposes an individual to hyperkalemia |
| sulfate | | the ______ the level, the more product you give |
| glucose | | this drug is used to treat hyperkalemia; it stimulate the NaK-ATPase pump causing a intracellular K shift; not very effectine; acts quickly; given via nebulizer; reserved as adjunct to insulin and glucose |
| hypocalcemia | | laxatives cause ________________ losses which may cause hypokalemia |
| hyperphosphatemia | | this drug is used to treat hyperkalemia; sodium ___________ is used to shift K into cells; SEs are sodium and fluid overload; used in mild hyperkalemia if metabolic acidosis is present |
| urinary | | if serum K is _______ than 3, 200-400 mEq required per each change is serum K of 1 mEq/L |
| bicarbonate | | this drug is used to treat hyperkalemia; it prevents insulin-induced hypoglycemia; is given along with insulin |
| calcitonin | | this is an oral K supplement; comes in tablet form; has a slower onset; decreases risk of ulceration; diff strengths have diff amount of K; immediately dispersing ER |
| complications | | a concequence of hyperkalemia is ________ |
| hypomagnesemia | | this enhances Ca levels by promoting bon resorption, potentiating PTH, increasing absorption by the intestine, and reabsorption by kidney tubules |
| intravenous | | magnesium _______ has a max infusion rate; 1 gm = 8 mEq |
| replacement | | aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, corticosteroids, diuretics, levodopa, nifedipine, penicillins, and rifampin cause _______ wasting which may cause hypokalemia |
| insulin | | this is caused by poor diet, diuretics, gut losses, massive diarrhea; has a level of < 1.6 mg/dl |
| maximum | | this is the most abundant intracellular cation; kidney is the main route of elimination; found in fruits and vegetables |
| kayexelate | | this is when potassium levels are < 3.5; sxs are Alkalosis, Shallow respirations, Irritability, Confusion, Weakness, Arrhythmias, Lethargy, Thready pulse; K ions lost from GI or urinary tract; caused by decreased dietary intake, potassium depletion, or redistribution |
| constipation | | the _______ (acute, IV or PO, or IV PO) dose is 40 mEq q2h for a max of 120 mEq w/in a 6 hr period |
| magnesium | | the normal range of this electrolyte is 8.5-10.5 mg/dl; plays important role in muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, hormone secretion, and blood clotting |
| central | | monitor K levels no sooner than 60 min for _________ or IV formulation |
| hyperkalemia | | if using ___________ mag sulfate, replace Mg over several days; there is a renal threshold for reabsorption of Mg; give 1 mEq/kg on day 1 and 0.5 mEq/kg on days 3-5 |
| immediate | | monitor K levels no sooner than 3 hrs for __________ release formulations |
| orally | | the max dose and rate/24 hrs for a _______ line is 40 meq/hr and 400 meq |
| homeostasis | | this electrolyte disorder is caused by renal impairment or increased intake; treated with PO4 binders: alternagel, amphogel, and Ca supplements |
| hypokalemia | | ___________ of K is done by either oral K salt supplements, diet, or IV administration of K salt solution; spirinolactone if renal loss is at work |
| carbonate | | oral mag sulfate can lead to ________ |
| gastrointestinal | | this drug is used to treat hyperkalemia; _______ gluconate or choride are used to immediately counteract the effects of K on the heart; onset 1-2 min, duration 30-60 min; |
| dialysis | | this is the 2nd most important intracellular cation; plays role in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, cell division, and Ca regulation in muscle |
| phosphorus | | only 20-50% of an _____ dose of mag sulfate is absorbed |
| sustained | | the major sign of this electrolyte disorder is muscle weakness; treated by treating underlying cause, IV supplementation in emergencies, PO supplementatin routinely, keep Ph x Ca product ration < 55 (or 60 in renal disease) |
| vitaminD | | this is an oral K supplement; comes in powder form; has a quicker onset |
| hypermagnesemia | | PO4 can cause _________ so don't infuse too fast |
