withdrawal		this NT plays a role in sleep regulation and mood; plays small role in euphoria of drugs
chronic		______ administration of stimulants has the lowest peak but a quick onset b/c it gets into lungs quickly
illicit		cocaine _________ has been treated w/methylphenidate/amphetamine, topirimate, modafinil, naltrexone, SSRIs and baclofen, disulfiram and selegine
abstinence		this CNS stimulant increases release from pre-synaptic vesicles; prevents reuptake of NTs epi, NE, DA; PREVENTS METABOLISM OF EPI, NE, DA IN THE SYNAPSE; have many different illicit forms that can be oral, IV, or smoked
withdrawal		this NT plays a role in reward-reinforcement center; induces euphoria in this pathway; induces psychoses in other pathways
smoked		common __ __ effects of stimulants include increased BP due to vasoconstriction (NE,epi); increased HR due to direct eip/NE stimulation; end result = weakened blood vessels and heart muscle
cocaethylene		__ __ administration of stimulants has the highest and fastest peak
other		amphetamine __________ is not as pronounced, may have some depressive sxs, no known txs, return to normal after week or so off drug
IV		tx of amphetamine ________ is similar to cocaine toxicity since s/sx can be very similar; IV antipsychotics may help reverse some toxic effects - DA blockade offsets dopaminergic surge; acidification of urine may help increase CL of drug; D-methamphetamine can potentially cause even more psychosis than other forms
withdrawal		_______ stimulant ADRs are CV instability due to weakening of smooth muscle from chronic stimulation - increase risk of stroke and MI; alterations in CNS neuronal pathways - potential for sustained depression or psychosis long after stopping drugs; increased tolerance to drug - requires larger and larger doses of drugs, do NOT develop tolerance to adverse/toxic effects; respiratory probs from smoking drugs - COPD, emphysema, lung cancer; sinus problems in those who snort drugs; weight loss, malnutrition, vit deficiencies; abusers at higher risk for infectious diseases - HIV, hepatitis, bacteremia; legal, financial, and other social consequences
norepinephrine		_________ NTs increase NT release from presynaptic cells, prevent breakdown of NTs, prevent reabsorbtion/reuptake of NTs, agonize/antagonize NT receptors, and enhance action of NTs at receptor
abstinence		cocaine toxicity tx involves BBs (propanolol prob best) for HTNsive crisis and tachycardia, benzodiazepines for anxiety and agitation, antipsychotics (haloperidol, olanzapine, etc.) for psychosis, and other supportive tx measures as needed
alcohol		this complex of cocaine and alcohol increases the T1/2 of cocaine to approx. 2 hrs, still retains basic cocaine pcol, increases euphoria due to extended duration of effect; may be up to 6 times more toxic than cocaine alone - increased cardiotoxicity, may increase agitation and propensity to violence
ecstasy		this term is a mixture of cocaine (or other stimulants) with a CNS depressant - heroin/opiates, benzodiazepine, alcohol, others; helps attenuate over-stimulation of cocaine - controls the high and keeps edge off, also helps to sleep when desired; can have toxicity of BOTH drugs combined - depressant AND stimulant toxicities simutaneously, resp. depression w/increased BP, HR, arrythmias, etc.
legitimate		amphetamine __________ is generally psychological and not physical in nature; some of same therapies for cocaine might also work here
treatment		common __ __ __ stimulant effects are increased energy, concentration (NE,epi); euphoria, "high", "rush" (DA); restlessness, talkativeness, irritability, insomnia (5HT); paranoia, agitation, aggression, psychosis (excess DA)
chronic		_______ use of CNS stimulants are to induce euphoria or a "rush", increase engergy, stamina, alertness, wakefulness, alter perception of reality, prevent "crash" from previous stimulant use, common use at parties or "raves"
oral		these NTs play a role in "fight or flight", energy and arousal; induces "rush" of drug and increases energy/excitation
nasal		use of this CNS stimulant is done by undiagnosed ADHD pts attempting to self-medicate; MORE PRONOUNCED EFFECTS ON DA than other NTs --> euphoria, less energy; kinetics depend on form used; tox and w/drawal not highly pronounced; effects similar to other CNS stimulants - CV and CNS complications; tx the same for other CNS stimulants
CV		MDMA __________ is due to its effects quickly wearing off and user psychologically seeks more drug to continue the high - not so much pharmacokinetic as dynamic as serotonin neurons are depleted and post-synaptic neurons begin to down-regulate; users ingest more drug w/little gained effect; may lead to unintentional overdose, as users get physical, not psychic, effects w/higher doses
amphetamine		____ administration of stimulants takes the longest to feel the effect; has about same peak as nasal
acute		MDMA _______ toxicity can lead to serotonergic cell death which leads to depression, sleeping disturbances, flashbacks - due to long-lasting changes made to brain structure
serotonin		__________ use of CNS stimulants include ADHD, narcolepsy, depression, weight loss, anesthetic (cocaine)
affecting		_____ common stimulant effects are weight loss due to appetite suppression, intial incrase in sexual potency and drive, long-term use leads to decrease, physical and psychological dependence w/continued use
speedball		MDMA _____ toxicity leads to dehydration or water intoxication - depends on if fluids available or not, can lead to serious electrolyte disturbances; malignant hyperthermia due to constant muscle tightness/spasm, unchecked can cause rhabdomyolysis and renal failure; CV disturbances - arrythmias, CV failure; seizures, strokes, coma - acute anxiety rxns; supportive tx for these various probs: fluid replacement, ice/alcohol bath, decrease BP
toxicity		MDMA, also known as _______, has LESS epinephrine effects and more DA and 5HT effects - greatly increases 5HT release from pre-synaptic vesicles, produces more psychic effects (perceptual disturbances) than physical effects; commonly co-ingested w/other substances like opiates or GHB, NO, LSD, SSRIs; MORE CALMING, peacefullness, happiness, sensory disturbance; causes muscle spasm/tightness, esp. in jaw, shoulders, and upper body
methylphenidate		_____ stimulant toxicity may be due to overdose or "regular" use of more potent form, esp. in naiive person; dosen't lead to any real medical emergency but pt feels as if they are dying; toxicity from overstimulation of CNS and CV systems - seizures, HTNsive crisis, tachycardia, stroke, cariac and/or respiratory arrest; concurrent CNS depressant use can complicate even further; time to onset of toxicity depends on several factors: agent used, how used, co-ingestants, personal factors, etc.
dopamine		this CNS stimulant increases release from pre-synaptic vesicles; prevents the reuptake of neurochemicals Epi, NE, and DA --> energy and euphoria; local anesthetic due to vasoconstriction properties of cocaine and epi effects
acute		_____ cocaine is the freebase form of cocaine; allows for greater lipophilicity --> greater absorption and CNS penetration; even quicker onset of action; different chemical properties - lower melting point allows for easier smoking
cocaine		_____ administration of stimulants has the second highest peak since there are lots of capillary vessels in sinus passages
crack		cocaine __________ typically begins 7-10 days after last use; common s/sx are: anhedonia, decreased motivation, unusual dreams, increased appetite, anergia, depression, insomnia, psychomotor agitation, CRAVINGS for re-use of cocaine; NO accepted tx for
CNS		cocaine and _______ are commonly used together to help attenuate the crash of cocaine and to help control overstimulation of cocaine; complex together to form cocaethylene