| telophase | | Type of filament in eukaryotic cells composed of units of the protein tubulin. |
| prophase | | time period between cellular divisions in which cellular processes such as protein synthesis are carried out |
| cytosol. | | cellular division that yields four gametes through two cellular divisions |
| protein | | membrane-bound organelles containing chlorophyll that is found in photosynthetic organisms |
| plasmid | | Chromosome region that joins two sister chromatids. |
| enzyme | | one-half of a replicated chromosome. |
| anticodon | | Process by which a cell replicates its DNA and packages it into a new cell, resulting in two cells with a complete copy of the cell’s genome |
| DNA | | extremely small grain-like organelle that provides the sites for protein synthesis |
| chromatid | | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes begin to pull to opposite poles of the cell |
| meiosis | | the digestive plants of food for the cell, changes shape from task to task |
| ribosomes | | All of the contents outside of the nucleus of a membrane bound cell. This includes organelles and the cytosol. |
| chlorophyll | | Any of several pigmented cytoplasmic organelles found in plant cells and other organisms, having various physiological functions, such as the synthesis and storage of food. |
| flagellum | | Division of the cytoplasm that produces distinct daughter cells. |
| mitosis | | multi-layered organelle near the nucleus used for packaging of materials to be transported out of the cell |
| bacteriophage | | Long, stringy aggregate of genes that carry heredity information and are formed from condensed chromatin. |
| extracellular membrane | | phase of mitosis in which the chromatin duplicates itself and thickens into chromosomes, the spindle fibers form, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates |
| haploid | | Attaches RNA primers to the replicating strands. |
| cytoplasm | | network of fibers throughout the cell's cytoplasm that helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell. |
| acetyl CoA | | genetically independent organelles that produce energy for the cells along their many internal folds, called cristae |
| exons | | a protein utilized in chemical reactions |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | | spherical organelle that is the cell's control center |
| nucleolus | | a complex molecule found in numerous cellular structures that is composed of amino acids |
| competitive inhibitor | | Principle governing the balance of quantities of the four nucleic bases present in the DNA of any cell. Chargaff’s rule states that the amounts of cytosine and guanine are equal, and the amounts of thymine and adenine are equal. |
| RNA primase | | Virus which infects and destroys a bacterial host. Some phages, however, will incorporate their DNA into that of their host, and remain dormant for an extended period. |
| centrioles | | the smallest unit of life that carries out its own processes |
| phagocyte | | an extension on many unicellular organisms that enables movement through whip-like motions |
| transduction | | cylindrical structures, found in animal cells, that are composed of groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 3 pattern. They help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division. |
| vacuoles | | membrane surrounding the nucleus that is covered with pores and controls nuclear traffic |
| cell | | A substance that mimics a substrate that normally binds to an enzyme. Activity of the enzyme is reduced when the inhibitor binds with the enzyme in place of the true substrate. |
| anaphase | | collective term for cells that engulf other cells or microorganisms |
| metaphase | | Coding regions of mRNA |
| DNA ligase | | the cell's highway transport system composed of tubes and membranes connected to the nuclear membrane and extending through the cytoplasm that is also utilized for storing and separating |
| centromere | | the green material found in chloroplasts that is active in photosynthesis |
| chromatin | | multi-layered, sturdy structure composed of cellulose that provides plants and other organisms with their rigidity |
| introns | | a carbohydrate that is found in cell walls |
| microtubules | | spherical structure within the nucleus that contains RNA |
| nucleus | | Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes in eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the cell's nucleus. |
| plastid | | Having two different sets of chromosomes in the same nucleus of each cell. Most metazoans and plants are diploid. |
| prokaryotes | | The semi-fluid component of a cell's cytoplasm. |
| helicase | | Chemical used to start the Krebs cycle in plant cellular respiration |
| eukaryotes | | phase of mitosis in which the chromosome pairs line up at the equator of the cell |
| chloroplasts | | Viral transfer of DNA to new host. |
| nucleases | | Remove wrong nucleotides from the daughter strand. |
| DNA replication | | Circular loop of DNA in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes. |
| cellulose | | ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is a necessary component of the protein synthesis process |
| cell wall | | non-coding regions of mRNA |
| diploid | | primitive cell type that lacks a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles |
| chromosome | | Having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. |
| interphase | | Region outside of metazoan cells which includes compounds attached to the plasma membrane, as well as dissolved substances attracted to the surface charge of the cells. |
| lysosomes | | Unwounds a portion of the DNA Double Helix |
| chargaff's rule | | membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm that are used for storage and digestion |
| cytoskeleton | | advanced cell type with a nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material and numerous membrane-bound organelles dispersed in a complex cellular structure |
| cytokinesis | | phase of mitosis in which the chromosome pairs have separated and reached opposite poles of the cell as the spindle begins to disintegrate, the nuclear membrane reappears, and the cytoplasm begins to divide |
| gene expression | | Adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate - sugar backbone |
| nuclear membrane | | deoxyribonucleic acid is the double-helix molecule holding the genetic information of organisms that, along with protein, composes the chromatin |
| mitochondria | | Base triplet that recognizes the complementary codon on an mRNA molecule |
| RNA | | The synthesis of proteins according to information enclosed in DNA |
| cell membrane | | A thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell's cytoplasm. |
| golgi aparatus | | cellular division that yields two identical cells from one cell through a five-step process |
