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Across 2. a vast, flat, treeless arctic region of europe, asia, and north america in which the subsoil is permanently frozen 5. at 15º north or south of the equator, air descending to Earth's surface creates steady, 7. the height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level 8. a line on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure at a given time or an average over a given period 10. high-altitude, narrow, westerly wind band that occurs above large temperature contrasts and can flow as fast as 185 km/h 11. current state of the atmosphere, including short-term variations such as temperature and precipitation 15. a large body of air that takes on the characteristics of the area over which it forms 18. ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation at a given temperature 20. solar radiation strikes here at a low angle. cold temps 21. a package of instruments that is carried aloft by balloons to measure upper atmosphere conditions including, temperature, dew point and wind velocity 22. cool dense air near the sea moves inland toward warm less dense areas during the day and sets up these 26. measures air pressure 27. the amount of water vapor in the air 29. the area over which an air mass forms 30. measures the humidity of the air 32. a gas molecule that is made up of three oxygen atoms 33. deflects moving particles such as air to the right above the equator and to the left below the equator; caused by Earth's rotation and combines with the heat imbalance found on Earth to create the trade winds, polar easterlies, and prevailing westerlies 37. the layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases;contains the ozone layer 39. one thousandth of a bar, the cgs unit of atmospheric pressure 40. rise in global temperatures, which may be due to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide from deforestation and burning fossil fuels; a phenomenon related to the greenhouse effect 43. these blow from southwest to northeast at 30º to 60º latitude in the northern hemisphere 45. a graph that shows the precipitation and temperature patterns for a certain place 46. a prolonged minimum in sunspot acivity on the sun between about 1645 and 1715 which coincided with the little ice age in the northern hemisphere 47. a windless zone at earth's equator where air rises almost straight up 48. an observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving 50. temps here are moderate 51. temperature at which air is cooled at a constant pressure to reach saturation, at which point condensation can occur 54. the layering of warm air on top of cool air 55. the portion of the sky cover which is attributed to clouds, usually measured in tenths of sky covered 56. the change of state from a gas to a liquid 58. the standard weather values for an area 59. short-term period of climatic change caused by regular variations in temperature, hours of daylight and weather patterns that are due to the tilt of Earth's axis as it revolves around the sun, causing different areas of earth to receive different amounts of solar radiation 60. the study of atmospheric pressure 61. a scientist who gathers data to study climate changes 62. how fast or slow molecules move 63. the sky being marked by a covering of clouds 64. used to measure temperature 65. one of the most widely used climate classification systems

Down 1. cool dense air moves during the night from the land toward water 3. light rays that the sun gives off to warm the earth and the ozone layer protects us from them 4. symbols used on weather maps to indicate the speed and direction of wind 6. when the warm moist air runs out the convection cell steps. no precipitation is made and the storm breaks up 8. a long period of climatic cooling during which the continents are glaciated repeatedly 9. average weather of a particular area over a long period of time 12. marked by a relatively high level of water vapor in the atmosphere 13. radio detection and ranging, a system that uses reflected radio waves to determine the velocity and location of objects 14. a psychrometer that you whirl around to get a reading 16. having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation 17. the layer of gases that surrounds earth 19. something that air can pass through 23. warm ocean current that develops off the western coast of south america and can cause short-term climatic changes felt worldwide 24. rising or sinking air, combined with the coriolis effect, results in the formation of rotating high and lows of this. 25. transfer of energy that occurs because of a temperature difference 28. a line on a map connecting points having the same temperature at a given time or an average over a given period 31. latitude zone that receives the most solar radiation because the rays strike that area most directly overhead 34. the study of Earth's climate and the factors that affect past,present, and future climatic changes 35. the force per unit area that is exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere 36. type of thunderstorm usually produced by an advancing cold front, which can result in a line of thunderstorms hundreds of kilometers long 38. records wind speed 41. type of thunderstorm in which air rises because of unequal heating of Earths surface within a single air mass and is most common during the afternoon or evening 42. air masses move-they acquire some characteristics of the new surface 44. the lowest layer of the atmosphere in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere where weather conditions exist 49. the uppermost layer of the atmosphere in which temperature increases as altitude increases; includes the ionosphere 52. something that holds air 53. violent, whirling column of air in contact with the ground that forms when wind direction and speed suddenly change with height, is often associated with a supercell and can be extremely damaging 57. boundary between two air masses of differing densities; can be cold, warm, stationary, or occluded and can stretch over large areas of earths surface