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Across 1. a direct comparison between dissimilar things. “Your eyes are stars” is an example. 3. the literal or dictionary meaning of a word. 9. indicated by a series of three periods, the ellipsis indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text. It could be a word, a phrase, a sentence, a paragraph, or a whole section. Be wary of the ellipsis; it could obscure the real meaning of the piece of writing. 10. involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what otherwise might be passed over. 12. development of evidence that arouses the emotions of the audience 16. the duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. 17. repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. 20. repeats the beginning word of a clause or sentence at the end. 21. use of superfluous or redundant words, often enriching the thought. 22. lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. 23. the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses. 24. the process of moving from a general rule to a specific example. 26. an indirect comparison that uses the words like or as to link the differing items in the comparison. (“Your eyes are like the stars.”) 29. placing a good point or benefit next to a fault criticism, or problem in order to reduce the impact or significance of the negative point. 32. consists of raising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. 34. the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone. 37. the process that moves from a given series of specifics to a generalization. 38. use of two words connected by a conjunction, instead of subordinating one to the other, to express a single complex idea. 39. the format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. 41. a figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole. (“All hands on deck” is an example.) 43. a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author’s point. 44. extreme exaggeration, often humorous, it can also be ironic; the opposite of understatement. 47. development of evidence that the speaker or writer is ethical 48. in logic is a proposition-a statement of a truth-that is used to support or help support a conclusion. 49. the grammatical structure of prose and poetry. 50. this term literally means “sermon,” but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.

Down 2. the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. 4. one word irony, established by context. 5. repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase. 6. a figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea (The pen is mightier than the sword). 7. the interpretive level of a word based on its associated images rather than its literal meaning. 8. the repetition or variations of an image or idea in a work used to develop theme or characters. 10. the repetition of initial consonant sounds, such as “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” 11. an unexpected twist or contrast between what happens and what was intended or expected to happen 13. two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) 14. a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt, seemingly overcome by passion (fear, excitement, etc.) or modesty. 15. writing successive independent clauses, with coordinating conjunctions, or no conjunctions. 18. is an adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject. 19. repetition of one word (for emphasis). 23. the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. 25. a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable. 27. use of logical proof of the creation of a logical appeal 28. the choice of words used in speaking or writing. 30. is an informally-stated syllogism which omits either one of the premises or the conclusion. The omitted part must be clearly understood by the reader. 31. a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness due to the unusual comparison being made. 33. a reference contained in a work. 35. a story or brief episode told by the writer or a character to illustrate to a point. 36. use of an older or obsolete form. 40. understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed. 42. the total effect of related sensory images in a work of literature. 45. substitutes for a particular attribute the name of a famous person recognized for that attribute. 46. an overused common expression.