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Across 4. In favor of traditional ways, social and political order, and resistant to change 5. English philosopher who wrote ‘Two Treatises On Government’; believed in the right to life liberty and property, government responsible to protect these rights 7. Law determining the fundamental political principles of a government 8. In favor of individual freedom, political change and social reform 10. One of the main factors that conrtibuted to the French economic crisis and indirectly brought about the French revolution 11. “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”; religious toleration, freedom of thought 14. A union of political organizations 15. A formal meeting/assembly of representatives for the discussion, arrangement, or promotion of a matter of interest 17. A huge prison in Paris 18. A declaration of certain rights of subjects, enacted by the English parliament in 1689 21. Philosophical movement in the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions that brought about many humanitarian reforms 24. Head of the English republic, known as the Commonwealth; dictator who imposed strict puritan rule, banning newspapers and forms of entertainment 25. Pride and/or devotion to ones country 28. The right to vote 30. Bourgeoisie, peasants and city workers, driving force for the French revolution 32. Island kingdom off the coast of Italy leads the struggle for Italian unification 33. politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations; Bismarck used these policies to force German unification 35. Glorification of the military and a readiness for war 38. An artist/potter used his craft to spread ideas about social justice; against the slave trade 39. Declared himself Emperor of France

Down 1. Still considered one of the basic guarantees of individual right, protecting citizens from arbitrary arrest 2. An assembly or council of citezens having the highest deliberative functions in a government esp. a legislative assembly of a state or union 3. Society as a whole owns all property and business rather than individual people 6. Freedom from control and influence of others 9. opposed liberalism and nationalism, defended the work of the congress of Vienna 12. “Man is born free and everywhere is in chains” 13. Market in which all goods can be bought and sold without restraint 16. National leaders meet to restore the old order in 1814 17. The first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–1890; German unification would be achieved “Not with speeches and majority decisions…but with blood and iron” 19. A body of peoples who make, amend, or re-appeal laws for a political unit 20. An involuntary fee levied and enforced by a level of government in order to finance government activities 22. A state in which supreme power rests in the people and whose head of state is not a monarch 23. What Germany and Italy strived for 26. The overthrow of a government by those who are governed 27. A national representative body having supreme legislative powers within state 29. Volunteer army led by Garibaldi, helped free Sicily and Southern Italy from foreign control 31. French philosphe who supervised the publication of a huge encyclopedia that summarized human knowledge at that time; spreading of enlightenment ideas 34. Informal gatherings where artists and philosophes presented their works and exchanged ideas; helped to spread the ideas of the enlightenment 36. A form of government 37. His ideas supported the rule of absolute monarchs; government necessary to establish order