Labor union		Method of dispute resolution by which disputing parties agree to be bound by the decision of one or more impartial persons to whom they submit their dispute for final determination.
Constructive discipline		Method of nonbinding dispute resolution by which a neutral third party tries to help disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable decision; also called conciliation.
Grievance procedure		Agreement that requires specific contractors to accept certain conditions in project contracts, such as paying a fair wage and contributing to health insurance, pension, and training funds.
Project labor agreement (PLA)		Umbrella term for the various approaches and techniques, other than litigation, that can be used to resolve a dispute.
Policy		Group of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals in their relationship with an employer or group of employers; also called trade union.
Arbitration		Attempt by a union to influence an employer by putting pressure on another employer, for example, a supplier.
Picketing		Action taken in support of another union that is striking the employer.
Whistleblowing		Positioning of employees at a place of work targeted for the action for the purpose of protest.
Sit-down strike		Group of workers who coordinate their activities to achieve common goals in their relationship with an employer or group of employers; also called labor union.
Sympathy strike		Action of an employer to shut down operations to prevent employees from working.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR)		Violation of employee rights; act prohibited under labor relations statutes.
Lockout		Orderly way to resolve differences of opinion.
Wildcat strike		Various forms of collective employee actions taken to protest work conditions or employer actions.
Mediation		Refusal by workers to work; also refusal by workers to leave their workstations, making it impossible for the employer to use replacement workers.
Work-to-rule		Situation in which workers slow processes by performing tasks exactly to specifications or according to job or task descriptions.
Trade union		Form of corrective discipline that implements increasingly severe penalties for employees.
Industrial actions		Work stoppages at union contract operations that have not been sanctioned by the union.
Unfair labor practice (ULP)		Broad statement that reflects an organization’s philosophy, objectives, or standards concerning a particular set of management or employee activities.
Secondary action		Reporting of an organization’s violations of policies and processes by employees.