1	Acidosis is excess acid		_____	controlling blood pressure and fluid balance in the body): video to come later that brings everything together
2	Alkalosis is excess base		_____	Inhibit sympathetic activation in arterioles, causing vasodilation
3	Kidneys and lungs work to remove		_____	Severe diarrhea Kidney failure Diabetes mellitus Excess alcohol ingestion Starvation
4	RESPIRATORY ORIGINS OF ACIDOSIS		_____	remove the underlying condition
5	METABOLIC ORIGINS OF ACIDOSIS		_____	increase blood pressure
6	RESPIRAT ORY ORIGINS OF ALKALOSIS		_____	volume of blood pumped per minute (higher CO, higher the BP) Determined by heart rate and stroke volume (amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 contraction
7	METABOLIC ORIGINS OF ALKALOSIS		_____	Hypoventilation or shallow breathing Airway constriction Damage to respiratory center in medulla
8	Metabolic Acidosis		_____	CO x SVR
9	Respiratory Acidosis		_____	total amount of blood in the vascular system (more blood volume will exert additional pressure on the walls of the arteries; thus, increasing blood pressure)
10	Acid–Base Agents		_____	Act on the early distal tubule to block the reabsorption of Na, CL and H20. Excretion of postassium is increased
11	Prototype: sodium bicarbonate		_____	: indicates how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls when the heart beats.
12	Acid–Base Agents		_____	Mechanism of action: to decrease pH of body fluids
13	Adverse effect: metabolic alkalosis caused by receiving too much bicarbonate ion and hypokalemia		_____	diarrhea, kidney failure, diabetes, excess alcohol, starvation
14	Metabolic Alkalosis		_____	Prototype: sodium bicarbonate
15	Respiratory Alkalosis		_____	Decrease heart rate and contractility; blockade beta1-receptors in juxtaglomerular apparatus, which inhibits the secretion of renin
16	Metabolic Alkalosis sx		_____	increase blood pressure
17	Metabolic Acidosis sx		_____	Hyperventilation due to asthma, anxiety, high altitude
18	Respiratory Alkalosis sx		_____	Prevent angiotensin II from reaching its receptors, causing vasodilation
19	Respiratory Acidosis sx		_____	treatment of acidosis
20	Tx Respiratory Alkalosis		_____	indicates how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls while the heart is resting between beats
21	Tx Respiratory Acidosis		_____	pH below 7.35
22	Tx Metabolic Acidosis		_____	Goal to quickly reverse effects of excess acid in blood Administration of sodium bicarbonate infusion
23	Tx Metabolic Alkalosis		_____	Decrease outflow of sympathetic nerve impulses from CNS to heart and arterioles
24	Emesis		_____	Decrease sympathetic impulses from the CNS to the heart and arterioles causing vasodilation
25	Emetogenic potential		_____	treat or remove the underlying condition that is causing the blood pressure elevation
26	Chronic renal failure		_____	Goal to quickly reverse effects of excess acid in blood Administration of sodium bicarbonate infusion
27	Osmotic Diuretics		_____	hypoventilation, airway constriction, damage to respiratory center
28	Loop diuretics		_____	Act on the smooth muscle of arterioles, causing vasodilation
29	Potassium-Sparing Diuretics		_____	Hyperventilation due to asthma, anxiety, or high altitude
30	Thiazide Diuretics		_____	Slow, shallow respirations in attempt to retain acid
31	Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors		_____	acton on the acsending limb of the loop of henle to block reabsorption of Na, Cl, and H20. Excreation of K is increased
32	SBP		_____	Prescribing two antihypertensives results in additive or synergistic blood pressure reduction
33	DBP		_____	Prolonged constipation, excess sodium bicarbonate, diuretics that cause potassium depletion, severe vomiting
34	Blood pressure equals		_____	vomiting
35	Cardiac output-		_____	resulting in heart to fail and lungs fill with fluid, known as heart failure
36	Peripheral resistance-		_____	Ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate Diuretics that cause potassium depletion Severe vomiting
37	renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one of the primary homeostatic mechanisms		_____	pH above 7.45
38	Blood volume-		_____	Administration of sodium chloride with potassium chloride (mild cases)
39	IV fluids will increase blood volume		_____	Defense mechanism used by body to rid itself of toxic substances
40	Diuretics will cause fluid loss		_____	stimulates the secretion of aldosterone
41	Chronic HTN: heart must work harder to pump blood to the organs and tissues		_____	Decrease the HR and myocardial contractility, reducing cardiac output
42	Therapeutic goal for secondary HTN:		_____	Increase urine output and decrease fluid volume
43	Uncontrolled HTN affects		_____	Cause vasodilation by direct relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
44	Tx of HTN		_____	fluid retention
45	First-line drugs:		_____	Deep, rapid respirations in attempt to blow off excess acid
46	Beta Blockers		_____	occurs overs months and years, h/o DM and HTN
47	Diuretics		_____	Administration of ammonium chloride (severe cases)
48	ACE Inhibitors		_____	Inhibit reasorption of bicarbonate ion in proximal tubule
49	Angiotensin receptor blockers		_____	Block formation of angiotensin II, causing vasodilation and blocking aldosterone secretion, decreasing fluid volume
50	CCBs		_____	Nervousness, hyperactive reflexes, convulsions
51	Direct Vasodilators		_____	Block sympathetic receptors in arterioles leading to vasodilation
52	Alpha1 Blockers		_____	Lethargy, confusion, coma
53	Alpha 2 Agonists		_____	Block calcium ion channels in arterial smooth muscle, causing vasodilation
54	Angiotensin II		_____	HTN and other cardiovascular diseases
55	Increased sodium reabsorption causes		_____	excess metabolic acid
56	CCBs are used to treat		_____	Heart, brain, kidneys and retina
57	Beta-Adrenergic Blockers		_____	Act on the late distal tubule and collecting ducts to block the reabsorption of sodium and reduce the secretion of K. Excretion of K is not increased.
58	Alpha1-Adrenergic Blockers		_____	Act on the proximal tubule and the loop of henle to create osmotic force that pulls water into the nephron and increases the excretion of nearl all ellectrolytes
59	Alpha2-Adrenergic Blockers		_____	Acid–Base Agents
60	Direct Vasodilators		_____	friction in the arteries (vasoconstriction: smaller diameter of artery)